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Just for fun: 😁 56 Delightful Victorian Slang Terms You Should Be Using In 1909, writing under the pseudonym James Redding Ware, British writer Andrew Forrester published Passing English of the Victorian era, a dictionary of heterodox English, slang and phrase. "Thousands of words and phrases in existence in 1870 have drifted away, or changed their forms, or been absorbed, while as many have been added or are being added," he writes in the book's introduction. "‘Passing English’ ripples from countless sources, forming a river of new language which has its tide and its ebb, while its current brings down new ideas and carries away those that have dribbled out of fashion." Forrester chronicles many hilarious and delightful words in Passing English; we don't know how these phrases ever fell out of fashion, but we propose bringing them back. 1. Afternoonified A society word meaning “smart.” Forrester demonstrates the usage: "The goods are not 'afternoonified' enough for me.” 2. Arfarfan'arf A figure of speech used to describe drunken men. “He’s very arf’arf’an’arf," Forrester writes, "meaning he has had many ‘arfs,’” or half-pints of booze. 3. Back slang it Thieves used this term to indicate that they wanted “to go out the back way.” 4. Bags o’ Mystery An 1850 term for sausages, “because no man but the maker knows what is in them. ... The 'bag' refers to the gut which contained the chopped meat.” 5. Bang up to the elephant This phrase originated in London in 1882, and means “perfect, complete, unapproachable.” 6. Batty-fang Low London phrase meaning “to thrash thoroughly,” possibly from the French battre a fin. 7. Benjo Nineteenth-century sailor slang for “A riotous holiday, a noisy day in the streets.” 8. Bow wow mutton A naval term referring to meat so bad “it might be dog flesh.” 9. Bricky Brave or fearless. “Adroit after the manner of a brick," Forrester writes, "said even of the other sex, 'What a bricky girl she is.'” 10. Bubble Around A verbal attack, generally made via the press. Forrester cites The Golden Butterfly: "I will back a first-class British subject for bubbling around against all humanity." 11. Butter Upon Bacon Extravagance. Too much extravagance. “Are you going to put lace over the feather, isn't that rather butter upon bacon?” 12. Cat-lap A London society term for tea and coffee “used scornfully by drinkers of beer and strong waters ... in club-life is one of the more ignominious names given to champagne by men who prefer stronger liquors.” 13. Church-bell A talkative woman. 14. Chuckaboo A nickname given to a close friend. 15. Collie shangles Quarrels. A term from Queen Victoria’s journal, More Leaves, published in 1884: “At five minutes to eleven rode off with Beatrice, good Sharp going with us, and having occasional collie shangles (a Scottish word for quarrels or rows, but taken from fights between dogs) with collies when we came near cottages.” 16. Cop a Mouse To get a black eye. “Cop in this sense is to catch or suffer," Forrester writes, "while the colour of the obligation at its worst suggests the colour and size of the innocent animal named.” 17. Daddles A delightful way to refer to your rather boring hands. 18. Damfino This creative cuss is a contraction of “damned if I know.” 19. Dizzy Age A phrase meaning "elderly," because it "makes the spectator giddy to think of the victim's years." The term usually refers to "a maiden or other woman canvassed by other maiden ladies or others.” 20. Doing the Bear "Courting that involves hugging." 21. Don’t sell me a dog Popular until 1870, this phrase meant “Don’t lie to me!” Apparently, people who sold dogs back in the day were prone to trying to pass off mutts as purebreds. 22. Door-knocker A type of beard "formed by the cheeks and chin being shaved leaving a chain of hair under the chin, and upon each side of mouth forming with moustache something like a door-knocker." 23. Enthuzimuzzy "Satirical reference to enthusiasm." Created by Braham the terror, whoever that is. 24. Fifteen puzzle Not the game you might be familiar with, but a term meaning complete and absolute confusion. 25. Fly rink An 1875 term for a polished bald head. 26. Gal-sneaker An 1870 term for "a man devoted to seduction.” 27. Gas-Pipes A term for especially tight pants. 28. Gigglemug “An habitually smiling face.” 29. Got the morbs Use of this 1880 phrase indicated temporary melancholy. 30. Half-rats Partially intoxicated. 31. Jammiest bits of jam “Absolutely perfect young females,” circa 1883. 32. Kruger-spoof Lying, from 1896. 33. Mad as Hops Excitable. 34. Mafficking An excellent word that means getting rowdy in the streets. 35. Make a stuffed bird laugh “Absolutely preposterous.” 36. Meater A street term meaning coward. 37. Mind the Grease When walking or otherwise getting around, you could ask people to let you pass, please. Or you could ask them to mind the grease, which meant the same thing to Victorians. 38. Mutton Shunter This 1883 term for a policeman is so much better than "pig." 39. Nanty Narking A tavern term, popular from 1800 to 1840, that meant great fun. 40. Nose bagger Someone who takes a day trip to the beach. He brings his own provisions and doesn’t contribute at all to the resort he’s visiting. 41. Not up to Dick Not well. 42. Orf chump No appetite. 43. Parish Pick-Axe A prominent nose. 44. Podsnappery This term, Forrester writers, describes a person with a “wilful determination to ignore the objectionable or inconvenient, at the same time assuming airs of superior virtue and noble resignation.” 45. Poked Up Embarrassed. 46. Powdering Hair An 18th-century tavern term that means “getting drunk.” 47. Rain Napper An umbrella. 48. Sauce-box The mouth. 49. Shake a flannin Why say you're going to fight when you could say you're going to shake a flannin instead? 50. Shoot into the brown To fail. According to Forrester, "The phrase takes its rise from rifle practice, where the queer shot misses the black and white target altogether, and shoots into the brown i.e., the earth butt." 51. Skilamalink Secret, shady, doubtful. 52. Smothering a Parrot Drinking a glass of absinthe neat; named for the green color of the booze. 53. Suggestionize A legal term from 1889 meaning “to prompt.” 54. Take the Egg To win. 55. Umble-cum-stumble According to Forrester, this low-class phrase means "thoroughly understood." 56. Whooperups A term meaning "inferior, noisy singers" that could be used liberally today during karaoke sessions.

You can't keep the rich down for long. Global wealth made a remarkable comeback in 2009, increasing by 11.5% to $111.5 trillion. That's according to a new report, The Boston Consulting Group's Global Wealth 2010 Report, released Thursday by Boston Consulting Group. The report breaks down wealth by region and by country, creating a geographic portrait of where the world's wealth is accumulating and at what rate. North America posted the largest absolute gain in households with assets under management. Its wealth totaled $4.6 trillion (a 15% jump over 2008). But the largest percentage gain occurred in Asia-Pacific, where wealth skyrocketed by 22%, or $3.1 trillion. That's nearly double the global rate. Latin American household asset growth rose by 16% to $3.4 billion, and Europe, despite the massive debt problems it now faces, was the wealthiest region with more than $37 trillion in assets under management, an increase of 8.8% from 2008. Millionaires Hold 38% of Global Wealth Boston Consulting Group's report includes a revealing list countries with the highest percentage of millionaire households, but before getting to that, here are some interesting tidbits: The number of millionaire households in the world represents less than 1% of all households. Even so, these most fortunate ones owned about 38% of the world's wealth in 2009, up from 36% in 2008. In North America, Africa and the Middle East, millionaire households represented more than half of the wealth in those regions. Another juicy morsel: The number of millionaire households rose by 14% in 2009 to 11.2 million, and the U.S. had by far the most millionaire households, with 4.7 million. But that doesn't mean millionaires are crowding U.S. streets or that sumptuous yachts dominate the nation's waterways. In fact, you're more likely to find those conditions in Singapore, which had the highest percentage of millionaire households in the world. Yes, that puts Singapore at the top of Boston Consulting Group list of the top 10 countries with the greatest proportion of millionaire households. You may be surprised by the full run-down: 1) Singapore Population: 4.7 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 11.4% Who would think the tiny Republic of Singapore would be crammed with so many millionaires? The country, all of just 247 square miles, has emerged from the recession and has rebounded in a big way. Its GDP, exports and manufacturing are all rising, and so, too, are home prices. That has led Singapore to boast the highest concentration of millionaires anywhere on the planet. Among its very rich: Ng Teng Fong, a real estate tycoon, and Wee Cho Yaw, who runs United Overseas Bank, one of Singapore's big lenders. 2) Hong Kong Population: 7.1 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 8.8% Hong Kong, the home of Li Ka-shing, who runs conglomerates Cheung Kong and Hutchison Whampoa, had 205,000 millionaire households in 2009 and takes the number two spot for percentage of millionaire households. Hong Kong's close relationship with mainland China brings benefits and risks, but it's been good for many of the wealthiest, who made their money by investing in a real estate market that has no shortage of swanky hotels and malls. 3) Switzerland Population: 7.6 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 8.4% The Swiss economy is recovering from slow growth during the recession, but a good many of its citizens thrived during the upswing, bringing it to third place in percentage of millionaire households. The country boasts 285,000 of them, up 19.5% from 2008. Driving the recovery: manufacturing, rising exports and consumer spending. Among the country's rich: Swiss biotech tycoon Ernesto Bertarelli, who is, perhaps, better known for winning the America's Cup in 2003. 4) Kuwait Population: 2.8 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 8.2% The rising price of oil has led to more millionaires in this tiny country. With some 100 billion barrels of crude, Kuwait has been growing rapidly. But the oil-dependent nation now plans to spend up to $140 billion over the next five years to diversify away from oil and to attract more investment -- a move that could help it ascend this list's ranks. Such a strategy may help billionaire Nasser Al Kharafi, chairman of one of the most diversified and largest conglomerates in the Arab world. His food division, Americana, has the Middle East franchise rights to KFC, Wimpy, TGI Fridays and Pizza Hut, among others. 5) Qatar Population: 841,000 Percentage of Millionaire Households: 7.4% Qatar's economy expanded by about 8.7% last year, thanks to growth in the natural gas business. That helped the country, already the world's largest gas exporter, to emerge from the global economic crisis pretty much unscathed, leaving many of its millionaire households in good stead. Among its megarich: Bader Al Darwish, with a fortune of about $1.7 billion. Al Darwish runs Darwish Holdings, which operates businesses including real estate, investments and retail services. 6) United Arab Emirates Population: 4.9 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 6.2% As the world's third-largest oil exporter, the UAE's economic growth is expected to rise to 3.2% this year, after posting a 1.3% increase in 2009,. Like others, its oil business has generated wealth among its citizens. It also helps that UAE isn't expected to suffer from the eurozone debt crisis. The country is home to Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair and his family, who run Mashreqbank and the second-largest flour milling company in the Mideast, as well as megamalls. 7) United States Population: 310.2 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 4.1% The 4.7 million U.S. millionaires in 2009 was up by 15.1% over 2008. But as a market percentage, the U.S. falls relatively low on the top 10 list. The country, which is home to two of the world's wealthiest people, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, saw its economy bounce back in 2009 from the year before as the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 40%. By the end of 2009, the economy grew at its fastest pace in more than six years, even though many businesses put the brakes on hiring. 8) Belgium Population: 10.4 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 3.5% Suffering from spiraling debt andpolitical problems, Belgium still managed to hold on to a number of millionaires. The country has set a goal of getting its budget deficit to 4.8% of GDP in 2010, which is far below Europe's average. But Belgium's total debt will rise above 100% of GDP, placing it behind only Greece and Italy. The debt crisis in Europe will also likely take a toll on the country's economy in 2010. The good news is that Belgium has a trade surplus, and household savings are high. Among its richest: Albert Frere, who founded the media, utilities and oil conglomerate, Compagnie Nationale a Portefeuille. 9) Israel Population: 7.4 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 3.3% Unlike other markets, the story in Israel wasn't about rising real estate values or credit, but about gains in technology, which some say will help lead the country to continued economic growth. While 2009 was a good year for the economy, the current eurozone crisis could hurt Israeli exports because about 33% of them go to Europe. Rich man in Israel: shipping tycoon Sammy Ofer, worth north of $6 billion. 10) Taiwan Population: 23 million Percentage of Millionaire Households: 3% Taiwan may be last on the top 10 list -- but that's still quite a feat. The country was hit hard by the recession mostly because its economy depends on trade. But as the world economy skittishly improves, Taiwanese families have seen their fortunes rise. The country now has some 230,000 millionaire households. That's an increase of 22.1% over 2008. One of its richest is Terry Gou of Foxconn, a maker of electronics for Apple (AAPL), Nokia (NOK), Nintendo and others. That company has been in the news recently because 13 of its workers have committed suicide or tried to. Sources: Population figures: The CIA World Factbook Percentage of millionaire households: The Boston Consulting Group's Global Wealth 2010 Report. Original Link

I bought a Toyota Wish from Borneo Motors a couple of months ago. The salesman offered me the standard AIG Auto Protector policy (supposedly "comprehensive"), which I took as using some other insurance would incur a penalty. This seems to be fairly standard practice among many dealers, including ADs. I saw this letter published in the newspaper a few days ago (I think it was on 2nd June): In case it isn't clear, the writer (Tan Siak Khian) is claiming that there are clauses in this standard policy that exclude coverage for unnamed passengers falling outside the age range 16-65 (meaning the young and the elderly) and also passengers who are intoxicated (meaning that if you are the designated driver ferrying a drunk passenger around, that passenger will not be covered in the even of an accident). I checked my own policy yesterday, when I was relatively free. I've attached a photo of the offending section. It appears the letter writer was spot-on in his observation (look at parts d. and e.). I'm now worried about the implications of this contract on coverage for my 12-year old child and my elderly parents. Does this mean I can't safely carry them in my car anymore? I've never heard of "named passengers", but does AIG expect me to nominate them personally to ensure coverage? My sales guy at Borneo was of little help - I asked him to clarify this a few days ago, but he has yet to respond. BTW, my father's Nissan Note from Tan Chong was also insured under this AIG scheme, and that also has weirdness - he tells me the policy only applies if he (the driver) is under 65, but he did declare his age correctly at the time of application (and they approved it!). I don't think any of our other policies (with other insurers) have these issues. I'm making this post to advise others to read through their policy terms very carefully, and if possible, share what they find. I'm also asking for advice about my options. I believe I can cancel my AIG policy and get the remaining premium, but there's always a penalty for early cancellation. Do you think that I should be able to make a case for waiver of this penalty given the (in my view) unjust clauses embedded in this contract? Also, I wonder if this legal language falls afoul of the Motor Vehicles (Third-Party Risks and Compensation) Act (CHAPTER 189)? Quoting, Interestingly, the Act talks about the liability of the user, but does not directly address the liability of the insurer? Or is that implied since the Act is about insurance anyway?

Hi, My wife got a day surgery with KK hospital recently. KK hospital deducted the amount $700+ from her medisave while we were waiting for reply of her medical claims from the insurance company. Now, We just got a letter from her insurance company saying that her bill is covered by the policy. We don't understand how the payment could be made by the insurance company to KK hospital and how could my wife medisave could be reinstated, so we wrote a first email to the insurance company to clarify. first reply from the insurance company. Dear Ms Tan Thank you for your email. Our claims letter has already been sent to you on 10/12/15. In the claims letter for PruShield policy number XXXXXXX, we have informed that the claim amount is approved within deductible under the PruShield plan. Hence, there is no payment to KKH. There will also be no payment made to CPF. Ok, i don't understand what is no payment to KKH and CPF. So, we wrote again for an explanation in layman terms. Second reply from the insurance company. Dear Ms Tan Thank you for your reply. The deductible portion is the part of the claimable amount that the policyowner is liable for before any benefits are payable under this policy. The Deductible amounts for the various benefits under this policy are stated in the Benefits Schedule. Sorry, i tried to figure out their term myself but after more than a month, i still cannot understand what are they trying to say. my question here is very simple, 1. Insurance says my wife can claim her medical bill? 2. How could her deducted amount be credited back into her medisave? Thanks from a layman.

Everyone knows Singapore is a Fine country. Many obvious littering we will be fine by garment. But if this is the case, will we be fined? Like while walking, holding a ciggerate smoking, and the ash sure be on the floor, this case, will we be fine? When I blow out phlems from my nose in public , is this consider littering too? Just curious, Forums is to tcss, so what is the real terms of littering?

https://axasingaporemotor.appspot.com/ Your car is not a Honda or Chevrolet or Hyundai that is under 3 years old or a Volkswagen that is under 10 years or a vehicle of High Performance which includes and not limited to Ferrari, Lamborghini What is with this funny term???

By Farhan Shah from Yahoo!News: On average, 294 billion emails are sent every day. That

The Lambo Countach comes to my mind first of all. That's a bloody sexy car. 30ish year old. And it still looks futuristic. Ageless, I say. And then I chanced upon this sometime back. The 1962 Corvette: http://www.google.com/images?q=1962%20corv...280&bih=858 So.....round. So....shiny. So....sexy.

COE sky rocketing. MRTs sardining, then the 'distant based fare'. And then 'save money over time' comment. And now, gahbernment dumping millions into making biking tracks. Guys, better start training. Add-on: Also, I actually don't mind cycling. But I will only consider cycling to work if I can do it within 30 minutes and not on roads for cars.

The financial crisis explained in simple terms............................. Heidi is the proprietor of a bar in Berlin. In order to increase sales, she decides to allow her loyal customers - most of whom are unemployed alcoholics - to drink now but pay later. She keeps track of the drinks consumed on a ledger (thereby granting the customers loans). Word gets around and as a result increasing numbers of customers flood into Heidi's bar. Taking advantage of her customers' freedom from immediate payment constraints, Heidi increases her prices for wine and beer, the most-consumed beverages. Her sales volume increases massively. A young and dynamic customer service consultant at the local bank recognizes these customer debts as valuable future assets and increases Heidi's borrowing limit. He sees no reason for undue concern because he has the promissory notes of Heidi's customers as collateral. At the bank's corporate headquarters, expert bankers transform these customer assets into DRINKBONDS, ALKBONDS and PUKEBONDS. These securities are then sold and traded on markets worldwide. No one really understands what these abbreviations mean and how the securities are guaranteed. Nevertheless, as their prices continuously climb, the securities become top-selling items. One day, although the prices are still climbing, a risk manager of the bank, ( subsequently fired due his negativity), decided that the time has come to start demanding payment from Heidi for the debts incurred by the drinkers at Heidi's bar. Unfortunately Heidi's customers cannot pay back any of their debts to Heidi. Heidi cannot fulfill her loan obligations to the bank and claims bankruptcy. DRINKBOND and ALKBOND drop in price by 95 %. PUKEBOND performs better, stabilizing in price after dropping by only 80%. The suppliers of Heidi's bar, having granted her generous payment terms and also having invested in the securities are faced with a new and desperate situation. Her wine supplier claims bankruptcy and her beer supplier is taken over by a competitor. The bank is saved by the Government following dramatic round-the-clock consultations by leaders from the governing political parties. They came up with a miraculous rescue plan that saved the bank. The funds required for this massive rescue are obtained by levying a new tax on all the non-drinkers. Finally a simple explanation........................

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In terms of luxury.. how do you rank the different brands.. Lets skip the porche , ferrari etc brands Band 1 Merc BMW Band 2 Volvo Audi Alfa Romeo Lexus Band 3 Toyota Honda Subaru Suziki Mit Band 4 Citroen Renualt Band 5 Kia Hydundai

Hi guys, Need some enlightenment on some terms. 1) What is depreciation and how is it calculated? 2) High depreciation good or bad? (Shd be bad right?) 3) When we decide to sell car, can we ourselves calculate the price we should be getting if we know the OMV and Depreciation? Example, Car px $60000, OMV $15000, COE $15000.

Hi all, After trying out and sat in quite a number of cars for the past few years, I came about some findings on the above topic. Would like to share with you guys what I feel and also maybe you guys can chip in your views too. The below is comments are purely on cabin spaciousness (front and rear passengers) and price, ignoring performance as well as looks. 1. Toyota Corolla Altis - Good front/rear legroom and headroom. Indeed one of the top few in the 1.4/1.5/1.6 category. A safe choice for those who are practical and prefers to stick to a proven brand. 2. Nissan Latio - Surprisingly good rear legroom. One of the best I would say. Airy cabin design makes the whole interior feel even bigger. With price lower than Altis, I think this is one of the best value one can get for the 50+k segment. 3. Mazda 3 - Looks big on the exterior but disappoint on interior space. Front passenger feels cramp due to the protruding dash. Rear legroom is also very limited. Only very marginally better than the Sunny. Thou price has come down alot, I find still not worth it if you're the family man who wants good cabin space. 4. Nissan Sunny - Decently-sized exterior, but rear legroom is the worst among the 1.6L I tried. Front passenger space is still decent thou. Cheapest among all 1.5/1.6 around but from the spaceiousness perspective, the Lancer GLX is a much better choice if you top up just a little. 5. Honda Civic FD - Smart interior design allows excellent rear passenger space. Very roomy rear legroom, thou rear headroom is a tad low. Pricey beauty and highly recommended only if you can afford the extra cash. 6. Honda City - Overall spaciousness is good with rear flat floor. Rear legroom I would say slightly loses to Altis. This is always being labelled as the Vios version in Honda's line-up, but I find it is more in the same class as Latio/Altis. However, the price tag is too high even for the basic version. 7. Toyota Vios (old) - Front passenger is still ok, but rear legroom is pretty cramp. Very comparable to Sunny. Rear headroom is the worst of the lot. Good for the couple or single. For family guy with young children, I would not recommend it. 8. Honda Airwave - Initially thought it is basically a Honda City with upward-extended boot. Front space is very similar to City, but rear legroom seems slightly better. Headroom is decent and ample. Lots of room on the rear and boot space but rather pricey also. Pity it is not a 7-seater. 9. Toyota Corolla (G9) - Feels similar to the Altis in terms of space, but somehow the rear headroom and legroom seems marginally better. Good old trusty model. 10. Mit Lancer GLX - Front and rear legroom is very good, infact I find slightly better than Altis. Headroom however is shorter but still very ample. This is definitely the best value currently, combining good roominess and price tag. 11. Toyota Yaris - Front feels like old Vios. Rear is probably slightly better than the old Vios, thou headroom is much better. Overpriced I find. The new Vios would be a more worthy buy. 12. Hyundai Verna - I own this car and honestly the rear headroom and legroom is much better than Sunny and old Vios surprisingly, esp headroom. Of coz its nowhere near the likes of Latio/Altis. Still, it is a great value if you do not mind that its a kimchi 13. Kia Rio - Very similar to the Verna in all espects, but somehow the rear headroom seems slightly lower. Quite a bit cheaper than Verna now. Highly recommended I would say, esp for value hunters looking for a sedan in the mid 40k region. 14. Hyundai Matrix - Very spacious interior. Legroom is very ample. High headroom + large window panels makes the interior impressively airy. Price has tumbled a bit also but then it is no longer popular. 15. Honda Jazz - Initially thought it is just like a City hatch. Front passenger space seems slightly tighter. Rear legroom is also not as good as City, thou quite decent. Extremely popular nowadays thou i still find its a little overpriced. 16. Mazda 2 (old) - Surprisingly the interior is more spacious than Sunny and even slightly better than Mazda 3! Maybe in terms of shoulder room its not as wide. The new version should be better I guess. A pity I did not manage to try out some other cars like Avante, Cerato. Maybe someone can help add on? :)

This particular AD do not allow owners to bring their own engine oil during servicing. I do not like the engine oil they using. Warranty will be void if maintenance servicing not done with them. Any advise? AD

Most of them think Hyundai cars are not fuel efficient but i can say they are wrong. If u drive economically it can go more than 650km++ full tank. I've driven to Genting in my Hyundai Sonata EF with full tank. I didt speed but drove ard 120km/h +/- rpm not above 2.5. When i reached the top i still had 3/4 of fuel in my tank. It all depends on how they drive. Hyundai cars tend to rev a lot even when u step lightly. Cos the body heavier.

the day my picnic looks like a puny

Some terms I've seen around but can't make up the meaning. Bros, guidance please. : "Low end" - refers to low rpm or low gear or low speed? "low rev, high rev" - what's the rpm range like? Don't flame me, I'm new to lots of stuffs.

DETROIT

Hey guys, to avoid embarrassing myself in the car forum. I decided to post this here. What does these terms mean? I actually searched the dictionary for these words. Cabriolet ---> Refers to a car with a folded top. So it can mean hard or soft top? Eg. CLK, Saab. Convertible ---> Refers to a topless car. Also means hard or soft top?? Coupe ---> Simply means a 2 dr car. Correct me if i was wrong in any of the above.

anyone care to explain what are gearing and compression ratios? is it bigger ratios better? i can fathom a guess, but i thought it would be better to hear it from the experts' mouth. also i was looking at the specs of m3 1.6 5mt and the 4eat. gear ratios 1st 3.416 vs 2.816 , 2nd 1.842 vs 1.497, 3rd 1.29 vs 1.00 4th 0.972 vs 0.725, 5th 0.820 vs na and rev 3.214 vs 2.648. Since all gear ratios of 5mt is higher than 4eat, how come the overall final gear ratio reads 4.388 vs 4.416? is it because the final gear ratio is an average so that 5mt gear ratio gets drag down because it has to be divided by 5 (instead of 4 for the 4eat)? But if the final gear ratio is an average it also does not make sense since 4.388 is higher than any of the gear ratios of the 1st - 5th gear. how does cams and cylinders and valves relate to each other? any website that explains these?